Scientists have performed the first room-temperature X-ray measurements on the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, an important first step towards building a comprehensive 3D model of the enzymatic protein.
The model, made by a team of researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge and Argonne national laboratories (ORNL), will be used to advance supercomputing simulations aimed at finding drug inhibitors to block the virus's replication mechanism and help end the COVID-19 pandemic. Their research results are publicly available and have been published in the journal Nature Communications.
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease COVID-19, reproduces by expressing long chains of proteins that must be cut into smaller lengths by the protease enzyme.
Protease is a type of enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller proteins or smaller protein units, such as peptides or amino acids. HIV protease cuts up large precursor proteins into smaller proteins.
"The protease is indispensable for the virus life-cycle. The protein is shaped like a valentine's heart, but it really is the heart of the virus that allows it to replicate and spread. If you inhibit the protease and stop the heart, the virus cannot produce the proteins that are essential for its replication. That's why the protease is considered such an important drug target," said ORNL's Andrey Kovalevsky, corresponding author. While the structure is known from cryogenically preserved crystals, "This is the first time the structure of this enzyme has been measured at room temperature, which is significant because it's near the physiological temperature where the cells operate."
Building a complete model of the protein structure requires identifying each element within the structure and how they are arranged. X-rays are ideal for detecting heavy elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Because of the intensity of the X-ray beams at most large-scale synchrotron facilities, biological samples typically must be cryogenically frozen to around 100 K, or approximately minus 280 degrees Fahrenheit, to withstand the radiation long enough for data to be collected.
To extend the lifetime of the crystallised protein samples and measure them at room temperature, ORNL researchers grew crystals larger than required for synchrotron cryo-studies and used an in-house X-ray machine that features a less intense beam.
"Growing protein crystals and collecting data is a tedious and time-consuming process. In the time it typically takes to prepare and ship the sample to a synchrotron, we were able to grow the crystals, take the measurements and begin analysing the data," said ORNL's Daniel Kneller, the study's first author. "And, when there's a pandemic with many scientists mobilising to study this problem, there's not a day to spare."
The protease enzyme consists of chains of amino acids with a repeating pattern of nitrogen-carbon-carbon atoms that form the backbone of the protein. Side groups of the amino acid building blocks, or "residues", extend from each of the central backbone carbon atoms. The enzyme is folded into a specific 3D shape, creating special pockets where a drug molecule would attach.
The study revealed significant structural disparities between the orientations of the backbone and some of the residues in the room-temperature and cryogenic samples. The research suggests that freezing the crystals may introduce structural artifacts that could result in a less accurate understanding of the protease structure.
The team's results are being shared with researchers, led by ORNL-University of Tennessee Governor's Chair Jeremy Smith, who are conducting drug docking simulations using Summit at ORNL–the nation's fastest supercomputer.
"What researchers are doing on Summit is taking known drug compounds and trying to computationally bind them to the main protease for drug repurposing, as well as looking for new leads into other potential drug candidates," said ORNL corresponding author Leighton Coates. "Our room temperature data is being used to build a more accurate model for those simulations and improve drug design activities."