A team led by researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has explained how the dengue virus has evolved dramatically over the last few decades in the Indian subcontinent.
Dengue cases of dengue have steadily increased in the last 50 years, predominantly in the South-East Asian counties. However, there are no approved vaccines against dengue in India, although some vaccines have been developed in other countries.
"We were trying to understand how different the Indian variants are, and we found that they are very different from the original strains used to develop the vaccines," said Rahul Roy, Associate Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering at IISc Bengaluru.
The study, published in the journal PLOS Pathogens, examined all available (408) genetic sequences of Indian dengue strains from infected patients collected between the years 1956 and 2018 by others as well as the team themselves.
There are four broad categoriesserotypesof the dengue virus (Dengue 1, 2, 3 and 4).
Using computational analysis, the team examined how much each of these serotypes deviated from their ancestral sequence, from each other, and from other global sequences.
"We found that the sequences are changing in a very complex fashion," said Roy, corresponding author of the study.
Until 2012, the dominant strains in India were Dengue 1 and 3, the researchers said.
However, in recent years, Dengue 2 has become more dominant across the country, while Dengue 4once considered the least infectiousis now making a niche for itself in South India, they found.
The team sought to investigate what factors decide which strain is the dominant one at any given time.
One possible factor could be Antibody Dependent Enhancement (ADE), said Suraj Jagtap, a PhD student at IISc and first author of the study.
ADE occurs when the antibodies generated during an immune response recognise and bind to a pathogen, but they are unable to prevent infection. Instead, these antibodies act as a Trojan horse, allowing the pathogen to get into cells and exacerbate the immune response.
Jagtap explained that sometimes, people might be infected first with one serotype and then develop a secondary infection with a different serotype, leading to more severe symptoms.
Scientists believe that if the second serotype is similar to the first, the antibodies in the host's blood generated after the first infection bind to the new serotype and to immune cells called macrophages.
This proximity allows the newcomer to infect macrophages, making the infection more severe, they said.
"We knew that ADE enhances severity, (but) we wanted to know if that can also change the evolution of dengue virus," Jagtap noted.
The researchers noted that at any given time, several strains of each serotype exist in the viral population.
The antibodies generated in the human body after a primary infection provide complete protection from all serotypes for about 23 years. Over time, the antibody levels begin to drop, and cross-serotype protection is lost, they said.
The researchers propose that if the body is infected around this time by a similarnot identicalviral strain, then ADE kicks in, giving a huge advantage to this new strain, causing it to become the dominant strain in the population.
Such an advantage lasts for a few more years, after which the antibody levels become too low to make a difference, they said.
"Nobody has shown such interdependence between the dengue virus and the immunity of the human population before," Roy said.
This is probably why the recent Dengue 4 strains, which supplanted the Dengue 1 and 3 strains, were more similar to the latter than their own ancestral Dengue 4 strains, the researchers added.
