A recent study on one-cell embryos is set to shift our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin cellular behaviour in general, and may ultimately provide insights into what goes wrong in ageing and disease.
For the first time ever, scientists have introduced minuscule tracking devices directly into the interior of mammalian cells, giving an unprecedented peek into the processes that govern the beginning of development.
The research, led by Professor Tony Perry from the Department of Biology and Biochemistry at the University of Bath, involved injecting a silicon-based nanodevice together with sperm into the egg cell of a mouse. The result was a healthy, fertilised egg containing a tracking device.
The tiny devices are a little like spiders, complete with eight highly flexible 'legs'. The legs measure the 'pulling and pushing' forces exerted in the cell interior to a very high level of precision, thereby revealing the cellular forces at play and showing how intracellular matter rearranged itself over time.
The nanodevices are incredibly thin—similar to some of the cell's structural components, and measuring 22 nanometres, making them approximately 100,000 times thinner than a pound coin. This means they have the flexibility to register the movement of the cell's cytoplasm as the one-cell embryo embarks on its voyage towards becoming a two-cell embryo.
"This is the first glimpse of the physics of any cell on this scale from within," said Professor Perry. "It's the first time anyone has seen from the inside how cell material moves around and organises itself."
The study, published in Nature Materials, involved a trans-disciplinary partnership between biologists, materials scientists and physicists based in the UK, Spain and the USA.
The work may one day have implications for our understanding of how cells age or stop working as they should, which is what happens in disease
Looking at the cell as a whole
The activity within a cell determines how that cell functions, explains Professor Perry. "The behaviour of intracellular matter is probably as influential to cell behaviour as gene expression," he said. Until now, however, this complex dance of cellular material has remained largely unstudied. As a result, scientists have been able to identify the elements that make up a cell, but not how the cell interior behaves as a whole.
"From studies in biology and embryology, we know about certain molecules and cellular phenomena, and we have woven this information into a reductionist narrative of how things work, but now this narrative is changing," said Professor Perry. The narrative was written largely by biologists, who brought with them the questions and tools of biology. What was missing was physics. Physics asks about the forces driving a cell's behaviour, and provides a top-down approach to finding the answer.
"We can now look at the cell as a whole, not just the nuts and bolts that make it."
Mouse embryos were chosen for the study because of their relatively large size (they measure 100 microns, or 100-millionths of a metre, in diameter, compared to a regular cell which is only 10 microns [10-millionths of a metre] in diameter). This meant that inside each embryo, there was space for a tracking device.
The researchers made their measurements by examining video recordings taken through a microscope as the embryo developed. "Sometimes the devices were pitched and twisted by forces that were even greater than those inside muscle cells," said Professor Perry. "At other times, the devices moved very little, showing the cell interior had become calm. There was nothing random about these processes - from the moment you have a one-cell embryo, everything is done in a predictable way. The physics is programmed."
The results add to an emerging picture of biology that suggests material inside a living cell is not static, but instead changes its properties in a pre-ordained way as the cell performs its function or responds to the environment.